The speaker addresses someone absent or dead, a thing, a place or an idea, as if they could hear.
In The Brothers Karamazov
Lord, receive me in all my iniquity, but do not judge me. Let me pass by without your judgment... Do not judge me, because I have condemned myself; do not judge me, because I love you, Lord!
Mitya addresses God directly, "Lord", as to a present interlocutor. The call in the middle of the road, in the dark, gives the prayer an intimate and urgent tone.
Book VIII: Mitya, Mitya, in the troika on the way to Mokroye
Katya, I forgive you! Brothers, friends, spare the other one!
Book XII: A judicial error, Mitya, on hearing the verdict
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