Metaphor

Saying one thing through another, without a word of comparison: instead of saying that something is like another thing, one says it is. The image transfers to the subject the qualities of the thing it has been identified with.

In Crime and Punishment

Kill her and take her money, so that with it you can afterward devote yourself to the service of all humanity and the common cause: [...] One death and a hundred lives in exchange, why, that's arithmetic!

Calling the reasoning “arithmetic” treats a decision about lives as a sum to be added and subtracted. The word carries the idea that morality can be calculated, which is exactly the theory Raskolnikov carries forward.

Part One: The Crime, a student in the tavern

I really am a louse

Part Three: The Theory, Raskolnikov

Have you ever seen a moth before a candle? Well, he will stay, he will stay all the time around me, circling as around a candle [...] and he'll keep tightening, tightening the circle, and zap! He flies straight into my mouth.

Part Four: The Siege, Porfiry

Freedom and power, and above all power! Over every trembling creature and over the whole anthill!.. That is the goal!

Part Four: The Siege, Raskolnikov

Enough!.. It's time!.. Farewell, poor thing!.. They've worn out the old mare!.. She's broken down!

Part Five: The Confession, Katerina

that I killed a loathsome, noxious louse, an old moneylending hag who serves no one, for whose death forty sins are forgiven, who sucked the lifeblood of the poor, and that is supposed to be a crime? I don't think about it, and I don't think about washing it off.

Part Six: The Surrender, Raskolnikov

Love resurrected them: the heart of one held infinite springs of life for the heart of the other

Epilogue: The Resurrection, the narrator